• Home
  • About
    • Research & Innovation
      • Engagement with Industry
        • Technology Transfer Office
          • Staff
        • How to engage with Teagasc
        • Commercialisation Opportunities
        • Expertise / Capabilities
        • Specialist Services
        • Facilities and Equipment
        • Our Research
        • Bridge Network
      • Research Impact Highlights
      • Research Leaders 2025
        • Fellowships
        • Gender Balance
        • Application
        • Primary Supervisor's Profile
        • Outgoing Host Supervisor's Profile
      • Research Awards
      • Teagasc Women in STEM
      • Science Communications and Outreach
        • Science Week 2018
      • Research Publications
      • Postgraduate Fellowships
        • Call for applications
        • Fellowship Vacancies
        • Annual Walsh Fellowship Seminar
        • Walsh Fellowships – Knowledge Transfer
          • MAIS Projects
          • MAEI Projects
        • Other Postgraduate opportunities
        • Walsh Fellowship Alumni
          • About the Alumni Network
          • News and Events
          • Alumni Spotlight
          • Update your contact Info
        • Walsh Fellowships 25th Anniversary
      • Research Programmes
      • SmartAgriFood
      • VistaMilk
    • Farm Advisory
      • Advisory Regions
        • Cork East
          • Staff
          • Events
          • Local Event Proceedings
          • Courses
          • Contact
        • Cork West
          • Staff
          • Events
          • Courses
          • Contact
          • Shinagh Farm
          • Transferring the Family Farm
          • Farm Walk booklets
          • Links - Agricultural & Environmental
        • Galway / Clare
          • Staff
          • Events
          • Courses
          • Media Articles
          • Contact
        • Kerry / Limerick
          • Staff
          • Events
          • Courses
          • Media Articles
            • Media articles - Kerry
            • Media articles - Limerick
          • Monitor Farms
          • Discussion Groups
          • Limerick Kerry Local Info
          • Contact
        • Laois / Kildare / Meath / Louth / Dublin
          • Staff
          • Photo Gallery
          • Events
          • Courses
          • Contact
          • Local Social Media Links
        • Mayo
          • Staff
          • Events
          • Courses
          • Contact
          • Today's Farm Articles
        • Roscommon / Longford
          • Staff
          • Events
          • Courses
          • Media Articles
            • Roscommon/Longford Spring Economic Briefing
            • Successful Teagasc Sheep Seminar in Roscommon
          • Contact
          • Photo Galleries
            • 2018
              • Sheep Seminar Abbey Hotel 2018
              • Dairy Walk on the Payne Family farm Tulsk
              • Rush Control Demo on JP Campbell's farm Drumlish
              • Redstart walk on Niall Byrne's farm Cam Roscommon
              • Drainage event on Mollaghan Family's farm Ardagh
              • Grass 10 walk Martin Kenny's farm Cloverhill
              • Winter Beef Seminar Longford
            • 2017
              • Greenacres Walk on Christy Dowd's farm
              • Launch of Energy in Ag. 2017 Michael Coyne's farm
              • Sheep Breeding Event John Brooks farm
            • 2016
        • Sligo / Leitrim / Donegal
          • Staff
          • Events
          • Contact
          • Courses
          • Regional Events
          • Important Dates
        • Tipperary
          • Staff
          • Events
          • Courses
          • Monitor Farms
          • Contact
        • Waterford / Kilkenny
          • Staff
          • Events
          • Courses
          • Media Articles
          • Monitor Farm Focus Waterford
          • Monitor Farm Focus Kilkenny
          • Contact
        • Westmeath / Offaly / Cavan / Monaghan
          • Staff
          • Events
          • Courses
          • Contact
        • Wicklow / Carlow / Wexford
          • Staff
          • Events
          • Courses
          • Video Gallery
          • Media
          • Contact Us
      • Farm Advisory Services
        • Business and Technology
        • Soils and Environment
        • Discussion Groups
        • Health & Safety
        • Newsletters
        • Advisory Charges
      • Advisory Methodologies
        • Precision Agriculture Survey
      • Tragic Event Service
      • Knowledge Transfer Fellowships
    • Our Organisation
      • Authority
        • Code of Business Conduct
      • Organisation Structure
      • Senior Management
      • Statement of Strategy
      • ConnectEd
        • Join today
        • Get ConnectEd
          • Terms & Conditions
            • Teagasc ConnectEd Members Code
        • Pricing & plans
          • ConnectEd Plans
        • Professional Education
          • Agricultural Land Drainage
          • Crop Nutrition Management
          • Ruminant Nutrition
          • CECRA
          • Grassland Pesticide Training
        • Publications
        • Online Tools
        • Contact Us
      • Social Media
      • Evaluation Reports
      • Technology Foresight
        • The Project
        • Resources
        • Structure
      • Annual Reports
      • Distinguished Lecturer Series
        • 2016
        • 2015
        • 2012 - 2014
      • Director's Speeches
      • Teagasc Past - Training
      • Teagasc Past - Advisory
      • Teagasc Past - Research
    • Corporate Responsibility
      • Prompt Payment Data
        • 2017 Data
        • 2016 Data
        • 2015 Data
        • 2014 Data
        • 2013 Data
        • 2012 Data
        • 2011 Data
      • Information for suppliers
        • How to get your invoices paid
      • Information on the Environment
      • Freedom of Information
        • Freedom of Information Act
        • FOI Application Form
        • FOI Requests
        • FOI Records
        • FOI List of Fees
        • FOI Appeals
        • FOI Publication Scheme
      • Online Services
      • State Grant in Aid
        • Support for Delivery
        • Provision of Support
      • Accessibility Statement
        • Access Officer
      • Restricted Content
      • Oireachtas Members’ Enquiries
      • Data Protection
        • Individual Rights
        • Policies
        • Accountability
        • Data Breaches
        • Data Protection Impact Assessments
        • Data Protection Officer
    • Customer Service
      • Online Customer Feedback Form
    • Opportunities
      • Careers
        • Current Vacancies
        • Application
        • Employee benefits
        • Moving to Ireland
        • Equal Opportunities
        • Working with Teagasc
        • Job Alert Email
      • Post Doctoral Opportunities
        • Marie Curie fellows
      • Postgraduate Fellowships
      • Other Postgraduate Opportunities
    • International Food Security
      • Context
      • Policy and Strategy
      • Current Projects
        • Ethopia
        • Eritrea
        • IntensAfrica
          • Latest News
        • Kenya
        • Mozambique
        • Vietnam
        • CGIAR
        • Colombia
      • Completed Projects
        • Tanzania
        • Africa Science Agenda
        • Uganda
      • IFIAD
      • News
        • GFRAS 2016 Workshop
        • Web Workshop
    • Gaeilge
      • Preaseisiúintí
        • 2016
        • 2015
        • 2014
        • 2013
        • 2012
        • 2011
        • 2010
        • 2009
  • Animals
    • Dairy
      • Research
        • Livestock Systems
          • Decision Support Tools and Demo Farms
          • Farm Systems Modelling
          • Precision Farming Systems
            • Automation and Technology
          • Sustainable Production Systems
      • Grassland
      • Breeding & Genetics
        • Breeding Management
        • Genetic Improvement of Animals
          • GenTORE
        • Physiology of Reproduction, Growth and Lactation
        • Staff
      • Nutrition
        • Grass
        • Winter forages
        • Supplementation
      • Animal Health
        • Milk Quality
        • Biosecurity
        • Disease
          • Summer Mastitis
          • Herd Illthrift
      • Research Farms
        • Ballyhaise
          • Farm Profile
          • Herd Profile
          • Current Experiment
          • Farm updates
        • Clonakilty Agricultural College
          • Farm Profile
          • Herd Profile
          • Current Experiment
          • Farm updates
        • Curtins
          • Farm Profile
          • Herd Profile
          • Current Experiment
          • Updates
        • Dairygold
          • Farm Profile
          • Herd Profile
          • Current Experiment
        • Moorepark
          • Farm Profile
          • Herd Profile
        • Solohead
          • Farm Profile
          • Herd Profile
          • Current Experiments
          • Experiment Updates
        • Johnstown Castle
          • Farm Profile
          • Herd Profile
          • Current Experiments
          • Farm Updates
        • Kilworth AMS
          • Farm Profile
          • Herd Profile
          • Farm Updates
            • AMS Update 31st Aug 2018
            • AMS Update 14th Sept 2018
      • Joint Programmes
        • Aurivo
          • Focus Farms
          • Demonstration Farm Ballyhaise
          • Staff
        • Glanbia
          • Monitor Farms
          • Monitor Farm Walks
          • Monitor Farm Data
          • Updates
          • 2011 - 2014 Programme
            • Gallery
            • Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme
            • Dairy eProfit Monitor 2011 V 2010 - Teagasc/Glanbi
            • Dairy eProfit Monitor 2012 V 2011 - Teagasc/Glanbi
            • Monitor Farms - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme
            • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
            • archive
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
              • Weekly Updates - Teagasc/Glanbia Joint Programme 2
        • Kerry Agribusiness
          • Events
          • Publications
          • Demonstration Farms
          • Annual Review
        • Lakeland Dairies
          • Events
          • Publications
        • Tipperary Co-op
        • Dairygold
          • Programme Outline
          • Demonstration Farms
            • Oliver Looney
            • Conor Kelleher
            • Richard Geary
            • Edward Donovan
          • Focus Farms
            • Robert O'Dea
            • Con Lehane
            • Clement Twomey
            • JJ Partnership
            • Michael Ryan
            • Dan Galvin
          • Updates/Farm Walks
        • Arrabawn
          • Workshops
            • Breeding 2017
            • Feeding and breeding
            • Milk Quality Seminar
            • Grazing infrastructure
            • Preparation for the breeding season
          • Development farms
            • John Dowd
            • Charlie Whiriskey
            • Trevor and Steven Cole
            • Pat and Eddie Kennedy
            • Seamus and Brian Molamphy
            • Previous Performance
            • Reviews
              • Pat and Eddie Kennedy
              • John Dowds and Molamphys
              • Charlie Whiriskey
      • Dairy Careers
        • Media articles
        • Dairy Start Up Course
      • Heavy Soils
      • Infrastructure
      • Financial
        • The Teagasc eProfit Monitor (€PM)
      • Publications
        • Dairy Levy Updates
        • Dairy Research Reports
        • Dairy Open Days
        • End of Project Reports
      • Collaborative Farming
      • Dairy Expansion Service
        • Dairy Start Up Course
      • Labour
      • Milk Quality
        • Cleaning Guidelines for Milking Equipment
        • Chlorates Workshops 2016
        • On Farm Milk Quality Video Clips
        • Milk Quality Conference 2013
        • Workshops 2014
        • Best Practice in Milking
      • Moorepark
        • Contact
        • Temperature
        • Rainfall
        • Publications
        • Staff
      • Levy in Action 2015
      • Statistics and Links
        • Dairy Industry Compendium
        • Frequently Asked Questions
          • Nutrition
          • Milking Facilities
          • Workload
          • Profitability
          • Winter Facilities
          • Supplying Milk
          • Grazing Infrastructure
          • Breeding
          • Information
          • Purchasing Stock
      • Sustainable Use Directive
      • The Dairy Edge Podcast
        • Podcast Archive
      • Energy Support tool
      • Calf Rearing
    • Beef
      • Research
        • Beef Systems
          • Beef Carbon
            • Events
            • Meetings
            • Newsletter
        • Beef Nutrition and Feeding
        • Breeding & Genetics
        • Animal Reproduction
        • Forage Production, Utilisation and Conservation
        • Animal Welfare and Health
        • Grassland
        • Beef Quality
      • Grassland
        • Grassland Management
        • Measuring Grass and Paddocks
        • Reseeding
        • PastureBase Ireland
      • Breeding & Genetics
        • Improving Genetics
        • AI in Sucklers
        • Replacement Heifers
        • ICBF
        • Reproductive Targets
      • Nutrition
        • Online Silage calculator
        • Relative Value of Feeds
          • Relative values of Feeds for Low Protein Diet
          • Relative values of Feeds for High / Medium Protein
        • Suckler Cow Feeding
        • Feeding the Calf
        • Finishing Cattle
      • Animal Health
        • Biosecurity
        • Diseases
          • Diseases
        • Health at calving
        • Animal Welfare and Health
        • AHI
      • Dairy Calf to Beef
        • Johnstown Castle Research Farm
        • Other dairy beef research
        • Calf-beef farm health and welfare
        • Management of dairy beef calves
        • Publications
      • Demonstration Farms
        • BETTER Farm Beef Challenge
          • IFJ Articles
          • Farmers
            • Robert Abbott
            • Thomas Bolger
            • Peter and Cathal Breen
            • Wesley Browne
            • Brian Doran
            • Martin Downes
            • John Dunne
            • James Flaherty
            • Ken Gill
            • Shane Gleeson
            • Gerard and John Grieve
            • Sean Hayes
            • John and Joe Healy
            • Maurice Hearne
            • Tommy Holmes
            • Philip Keville
            • Harry Lalor
            • Gareth McCormack
            • Glen McDermott
            • Michael McDonald
            • John McSweeney
            • Henry and Richard Milligan
            • Padraig O'Connor
            • Martin O'Hare
            • Nigel O'Kane
            • Stanley Farm
          • Challenges
          • The Team
          • BETTER Farm Beef
            • The Programme
            • The Team
            • Farms
              • Michael Smith
              • Pat O'Reilly
              • Clonakilty College
              • Ger Dineen
              • James Kenneally
              • Charlie Crawford
              • James Strain
              • Michael Dillane
              • Billy Gilmore
              • Heinz Eggert
              • James Madigan
              • John O’Connor, Kildalton College
              • Sean Power
              • Tom Murphy
              • Niall Patterson
              • Donie Aherne
              • Donal Scully
              • Frank and Des Beirne
              • William Treacy
              • Richard Jennings
              • Tom Halpin
              • Richard Williamson
              • David Mitchell
              • Joe Murray
              • Marty Lenehan
              • David Walsh
              • Billy Glasheen
              • Patrick Drohan
              • Mark Maxwell
              • Chris McCarthy
              • Cathal Crean
              • Patrick Grennan
              • Trevor Minion
            • Farmer’s Journal Articles
            • Farm Walks
        • Derrypatrick Herd
          • Management Updates
          • Video Updates
          • Farm Map
          • Derrypatrick Spring Grass Event
          • Gallery
          • Derrypatrick 2017 review
        • Newford Herd
        • Green Acres Calf to Beef
          • AgriLand Articles
          • Green Acres Calf to Beef Phase 1
            • The Programme
            • The Farms
              • Christy Dowd
              • Eamonn Kirk
              • John Lalor
              • Conor Greene
              • David Drumm
              • Pat Bowden
              • Michael Ryan
              • Ben Sweeney
              • Michael Flynn
              • Joe Farrell
            • Photo Gallery
              • Gallery - 2015
            • Factsheets
            • Farming Independent Articles
            • Events
      • Financial
      • Grange
        • Facilities
        • Research
        • Publications
      • Publications
      • Calf Rearing
    • Sheep
      • Research
        • Research Demonstration Farm
          • Purpose & Objectives
          • Farm Profile
          • Current Research
          • Farm Updates
            • February-March 2018
            • April-May 2018
            • June-July 2018
            • August-September 2018
            • October-November 2018
        • Newford Farm - Sheep INZAC Flock
          • Farm Profile
          • Flock Profile
          • Current Experiment
          • Publications
      • Grassland
        • Articles
        • Research
      • Breeding & Genetics
        • Mating Management
        • Ewe lamb replacements
        • Purchasing rams
        • €uro Stars - Buying a ram
        • Accelerating genetic gain
        • Genomic selection sheep
      • Nutrition
        • Concentrate protein article
        • Feeding ewes pre lambing
        • Colostrum
        • Weaning
        • Prelambing Management
      • Flock Health
        • Parasites
        • Abortions
        • Health issues at lambing
        • Dosing guidelines roundworm
      • BETTER Farm Sheep
        • Farms
          • John Curley
          • John Doyle
          • Patrick Dunne
          • Peadar Kearney
          • James Lally
          • David McLaughlin
          • Brian Nicholson
          • John O’Connell
          • Tomás O’Leary
          • Denis O’Riordan
          • Michael and John Prendergast
        • Staff
        • Articles
        • Updates
        • Events
      • Financial Management
      • Publications
        • Today's Farm Articles
      • Athenry
        • Staff
    • Pigs
      • Advice
        • Herd Performance Monitoring
        • Conference
        • Newsletters
        • Feed and Price Monitor
        • Downloads
      • Research
        • Research: Current Projects
          • GILTLIFE
          • ENTAIL
          • MSSM
          • ECO-FCE
          • OPTIPIG
          • WELPIG
          • PIG-ZYME
          • WET-FEED
          • FEED-STRAT
          • LoCost-SalmPig
          • PATHSURVPIG
          • NET-ENERGY
          • GREEN-FARM
          • Digi-Pig
          • WaterWorks
          • ZincO
          • SowWeanWel
          • FarrMan
        • Facilities
        • Research Dissemination Events
        • Technology Updates
      • Joint Programme
        • Current Programme
      • Education
        • Level 5 Certificate in Agriculture (Pig Production
        • Workshops
        • Discussion Groups
        • Agricultural Colleges
        • Pig Farm Managers Course
      • General Information
        • Production Performance and costs
        • Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
      • Staff
      • Publications
      • Upcoming Events
      • Photo Gallery
        • Pig Farmers' Conference
        • Pig Research Facility Walkthrough
        • Gallery 2015
      • Video Gallery
    • Equine
    • Animal Bioscience
      • Research
        • Animal Well-being and Health
        • Genetic Improvement of Animals
        • Physiology of Reproduction, Growth and Lactation
      • Facilities
        • Flow cytometry
      • Contact Us
      • Animal Genetics
    • Managing Fodder this Winter
  • Contact
    • Staff Directory
    • Access Officer
    • Advisory Client payment Unit
    • Media Contacts
  • Crops
    • Crops
      • Research
        • Research Programme
          • Oats
          • Cropquest
            • Oil seed rape (OSR)
            • Field Beans
            • Camelina
            • Cover Crops
            • Lupins
            • Maize
            • Peas
            • Starch Potatoes
            • Resources
        • Facilities
        • Staff
      • Cereal Crops
        • Winter Cereals
          • Monitor Barley
          • Monitor Wheat
          • Sowing and Varieties
          • Fertilisers
          • Weeds
          • Insects and Pests
          • Diseases
        • Spring Cereals
          • Varieties
          • Sowing
          • Fertiliser
          • Growth Stages
          • Weeds
          • Disease
          • Pests
          • Harvests
      • Fodder Crops
      • Potatoes
        • Research - Breeding Programme
        • Genomics Research
        • GM Research
          • GM Potato Research
        • Potato blight disease
        • Agronomy Potatoes
          • Varieties
          • Planting and Cultivation
          • Nutrition
          • Irrigation
          • Weeds
          • Disease
          • Pests
          • Harvesting
          • Storage
          • Newsletters
        • Agronomy Salad Potatoes
          • Salad Potato Project 2014-2017
          • Planting and Cultivation
          • Nutrition
          • Irrigation
          • Weeds
          • Disease
          • Pests
          • Harvesting
          • Storage
        • Publications
        • Rooster Festival 2018
      • Energy
      • Integrated Pest Management
      • Break Crops
        • Beans
          • Varieties
          • Sowing
          • Fertiliser
          • Weeds
          • Disease
          • Pests
          • Harvest
          • Feeding Value
        • Camelina
        • Lupins
        • Maize
        • Oilseed Rape
          • Sowing and Varieties
          • Fertilisers
          • Weeds
          • Insects and Pests
          • Diseases
          • Crop Growth
        • Peas
        • Starch Potatoes
      • Cover Crops
      • Greening
      • Crops Reports
      • Crops Margins / eCrops
      • BETTER Farms
        • Farms
          • Kevin Nolan Carlow
          • John Collins Waterford
          • Derek Keeling, Dublin
        • Advisors
        • Open Days
        • Archive
          • Articles
          • Joe O'Donoghue, Stamullen, Co. Meath
          • John Crowley, Carigoon, Mallow, Co Cork
      • Publications
      • Events
      • Sustainable Use Directive
    • Forestry
      • News
        • 2019
        • 2018
        • 2017
        • 2016
        • 2015
        • 2014
        • 2013
        • 2012
        • 2011
        • 2010
        • 2009
        • Older Events
      • Events
        • Forestry Events 2018
        • Forestry Events 2017
      • Staff
      • Advice
        • Establishment
          • Importance of getting it right first time
          • Ground preparation
          • Fencing
          • Planting
          • Fertiliser
          • Reforestation
          • Importance of early management
          • Vegetation control
          • Nutrient requirements
          • Replanting
          • Frost damage
          • Animal trespass
          • Management tasks from year 4 to year 10
          • Michael Owens
        • Management
          • The importance of inspection paths
          • Construction of forest roads
          • Forest road works - legal requirements
          • Repair and maintenance of forest roads
          • Formative shaping of broadleaf trees
          • High pruning of conifer and broadleaf trees
          • Continuous Cover Forestry
          • Transformation to CCF
          • Dealing with storm damage
          • Dealing with wildfires
          • Chalara fraxinea (ash dieback)
          • Green Spruce Aphid
          • Phytophthora ramorum
          • Dothistroma Needle Blight
          • Large Pine Weevil
          • Lyme disease
          • Nutrient requirements in forestry
          • Nutrient deficiencies: how to take foliar samples
        • Timber Harvesting
          • First thinning of conifer forests
          • Thinning Ready Reckoner
          • Timber measurement in conifer forests
          • Number of trees removed during thinning
          • Timber harvesting in farm forestry
          • Managing timber transport
          • Timber transport guidelines
          • Contact List for Timber Buyers & Contractors
          • Tending and thinning of broadleaf forests
          • Production of quality hardwood timber
          • Felling, presentation & grading of hardwood timber
          • Felling of trees - legal requirements
          • Deforestation - legal requirements
          • Managing safety in forestry operations
          • Operating a chainsaw safely
        • Forest Owner Groups
        • Markets
          • Timber sales
          • Timber sales - useful tips
          • Timber prices
          • Forest management certification
          • Wood energy
        • General Topics
          • Forestry Act 2014
          • Statistics on Forestry in Ireland
          • Forest insurance
          • Change of Ownership
          • Economic and practical benefits of farm forestry
          • Environmental benefits of farm forestry
          • History of forestry in Ireland
      • Grants
        • Establishment grants
          • Brief Overview of Forestry Grant Rates
          • Afforestation
          • Native Woodland Establishment
          • Agroforestry
          • Forestry for Fibre
          • How do I get work done?
          • Interaction of Forestry with other farm schemes
            • Basic Payment Scheme 2018
          • Afforestation - legal requirements
        • Management grants
          • Forest Roads Scheme
          • WIS - Thinning
          • WIS - Continuous Cover Forestry
          • Deer Tree Shelters and Deer/Hare Fencing Scheme
          • Native Woodland Conservation
          • NeighbourWood Scheme
          • Seed Stand and Seed Orchard Scheme
          • Reconstitution Scheme (Chalara)
          • Reconstitution Scheme (Windblow)
      • Research
      • Training
      • Video Gallery
      • Forestry e-News
      • Forest Fire Risk
    • Horticulture
      • Horticulture in Ireland
      • News
      • Plant Health
        • Pest update
        • Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
        • Pesticide blog
        • Plant Diagnostics
          • Plant Diagnostics - Sample Submissions
        • Irish Plant Health Trade Initiative
      • Mushrooms
        • Research
        • Advice
        • Mushroom Publications
      • Nursery Stock
        • Nursery Stock and Ornamentals Bulletin
        • Pest and Disease
        • Nursery Stock Research and Trials
        • Bloom in the park
        • Plant health regulations and plant movement.
      • Vegetables
        • Vegetable publications
        • Fusarium on Lettuce
      • Cut Foliage
        • Publications
        • Research
        • Advice
        • New Leaves
      • Fruit Production
        • Research
        • Advice
        • Publications
        • Videos
        • Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD)
        • Pesticide Information
      • Staff Contacts
    • Grassland
      • Grass10
        • Grassland Farmer of the year 2018
          • Grassland Farmer of the Year 2017
        • Soil Fertility
        • Grazing Infrastructure
        • Grazing Management
          • Autumn Grazing Management
          • Spring Grazing Management
        • Reseeding
        • Grass Measurement
          • Grass Groups
        • Grass10 Tools
        • Drought recovery farmers
        • Grass 10 event proceedings
        • Autumn Sheep Grass Walks
      • PastureBase Ireland
        • Grass Curve
        • Publications
        • Grassland Management
        • Videos
      • Grassland Management
        • Video Clips
        • Ten ways to cut fertilizer N costs on farms
        • Grass Silage Stock checker
      • Pasture Profit Index
      • Grassland Calculators
      • Research
        • Grass Breeding, Establishment and Renovation
        • Grass Growth, Sward Dynamics and Utilisation
        • Grass Feed and Value
        • Grazing Management including Conservation
        • Sustainable Production Systems and System Analysis
      • Heavy Soils
        • Objectives
        • Farms
          • Athea, Limerick
          • Ballinagree, Cork
          • Castleisland, Kerry
          • Crossmolina, Mayo
          • Doonbeg, Clare
          • Kiskeam, Cork
          • Listowel, Kerry
          • Rossmore, Tipperary
          • Stradone, Cavan
          • Swanscross, Monaghan
        • Reports
        • Weather Data
        • Publications
      • Quality Grass Silage
      • Grassland Courses
    • Soil & Soil Fertility
      • Soil Analysis
        • Soil Sampling
        • Teagasc Soil Services
        • Soil Index System
        • Soil Results
        • Interpretation of Results
      • Soil pH & Liming
        • Types of Lime
          • Limestone Producers
        • Grassland
        • Tillage
      • Crop N-P-K Advice
        • Winter Cereals
          • Winter Oats
          • Winter Wheat
          • Winter Barley
        • Spring Cereals
          • Spring Barley
          • Spring Wheat
          • Spring Oats
        • Oilseed Rape - Spring
        • Oilseed Rape - Winter
        • Field Peas and Beans
        • Beet / Potatoes
          • Beet
          • Potatoes
        • Maize
        • Vegetable Crops
          • Alliums
          • Brassicas
          • Legumes
          • Other vegetable crops
        • Fodder Crops
          • Kale and Fodder Rape
          • Turnips and Swedes
      • Grassland
        • Beef
        • Sheep
        • Grass Silage and hay
      • Trace Elements
        • Tillage Crops
          • Boron
          • Copper
          • Manganese
          • Zinc
        • Grassland
          • Cobalt
          • Copper
          • Iodine
          • Manganese
          • Molybdenum
          • Selenium
          • Zinc
      • Fertilizer Types
        • Nitrogen (N)
        • Phosphorus (P)
        • Potassium (K)
      • Nutrient Deficiencies
        • Nitrogen
        • Phosphorous
        • Potassium
        • Magnesium
        • Sulphur
        • Boron
        • Copper
        • Iron
        • Manganese
        • Molybdenum
        • Zinc
      • Organic Manures
      • County Soil Maps
      • Research
      • Nutrient Legislation
      • SAOL
      • FAQ
        • N, P & K
        • Soil Sampling
        • Other Nutrients
        • Lime
        • Organic Manures
        • Nutrient Legislation
      • Support Material
      • Contact Us
  • Education
    • Courses
      • Agriculture
        • Courses
      • Dairy
      • Drystock
      • Crops + Machinery
      • Agricultural Mechanisation
      • Distance Education
      • Equine
        • Courses
      • Food
      • Forestry
        • Courses
      • Horticulture
        • Courses
      • Machinery
      • Milking Skills
      • Pesticide Training
      • Pigs
        • Courses
      • Professional Diploma in Dairy Farm Management
      • Dairy Start Up Course
    • Teagasc Colleges
      • Ballyhaise
        • Courses
        • Contacts
      • Clonakilty Agricultural College
        • Courses
        • Facilities
        • College Farm
        • Contacts
        • Photo Gallery
        • Upcoming Events
      • Kildalton
        • Courses
        • Facilities
        • Contacts
        • Agriculture Courses
          • Connections
          • Farm
        • Horticulture Courses
          • Green Cert
          • Enterprise Units
          • Photo Gallery
          • Events
        • Equine Courses
          • Events
        • Kildalton Sustainable Demonstration Farm
        • Gallery
          • Gallery
        • History
        • Events
      • Botanic Gardens
        • Courses
        • Part-Time Courses
        • Green Cert
        • Events
        • Facilities
        • Photo Gallery
        • Botanic Gardens
        • Contacts
    • Going to College
      • Apply Online
        • Agriculture Courses
        • Horticulture Courses
        • Equine Courses
        • Forestry Courses
        • FAQ
      • Course Charges
      • Grants
      • Contacts
      • College Open Days
    • Private Colleges
      • Gurteen
      • Mountbellew
      • Pallaskenry
    • Local Education Centres
    • Education Partners
    • Education Vision Report
  • Environment
    • Water Quality
      • Agricultural Catchments
        • News
          • 2019
          • 2018
          • 2017
        • Publications
          • Papers
          • Reports
          • Articles
          • Events
          • Data Policy
          • Videos
        • Research
          • Socio-Economic Analysis
          • Nutrient Delivery to Streams
          • Data Policy
        • Catchments
          • Ballycanew
          • Castledockerell
          • Cregduff
          • Dunleer
          • Sreenty/Corduff
          • Timoleague
        • People
        • Weather Data
          • Forecasts
          • Ballycanew data
          • Castledockerell data
          • Cregduff East data
          • Cregduff West data
          • Dunleer data
          • Sreenty/Corduff data
          • Timoleague data
        • Collaboration
      • Water Regulations
        • Fertilizer Planning
        • Managing the Farmyard
      • Improving Water Quality
      • Harmony
        • Objectives and Tasks
        • Project Team
      • Technology Updates
      • Farming for water quality ASSAP
        • People
        • Community Meeting List
        • Farmer Meeting List
    • Soil
      • Soil Fertility
      • NMP
      • Irish Soil Information System
        • Objectives
        • Materials and Methods
        • Staff
      • Soil Drainage
      • Research
        • Soil Status
          • Work Packages
          • Events
          • Team
          • Contact
          • Funders & Advisors
        • SQUARE
          • Project Plan
          • SQUARE and Farmers
          • Soil Quality and Nutrients
          • Compaction
          • Visual Soil Examination and Evaluation
          • Support Material
          • The Team
          • Gallery
            • Gallery 2
      • Soil Maps
    • Biodiversity & Countryside
      • Farmland Habitats
      • Built Heritage
      • Schemes
      • Research
        • Current Projects
          • COSAINT
            • Work Packages
            • Objectives
            • Impact
            • Staff
            • Dissemination
        • Completed Projects
          • Completed Projects
    • Climate Change
      • Soil Carbon
      • Ammonia
      • Methane
      • Nitrous Oxide
      • Research
      • Publications
        • Videos
    • Sustainability
      • Kildalton Sustainable Demonstration Farm
        • News & Events
        • Team
    • Research
    • Schemes & Regulations
      • GLAS
      • Cross Compliance
        • SMRs
        • GAEC
      • Water Regulations
    • Staff
    • Johnstown
      • Laboratories
      • Castle and Gardens
      • Contact
    • Sustainable Use Directive
  • Food
    • Research and Innovation
      • Research Areas
        • Food Bioscience
          • Food Cultures
          • Bioactives
          • DNA Sequencing Facility
          • Animal Biotechnology
          • Bio-analytical research
            • NutraMara
          • Gut Health
          • Milk Nutraceuticals
          • VistaMilk
        • Sensory Science & Flavour Chemistry
        • Food Safety
          • Chemical Contaminants
            • National Food Residue Database
          • Microbial Pathogens
          • Microbial Spoilage
          • Food Structure
        • Food Chemistry & Technology
          • National Food Imaging Centre
            • Why is Food Microstructure Important?
            • Who Benefits?
            • The Equipment
              • Light Microscopy
              • Clonfocal Scanning Laser Microscopy
              • Electron Microscopy
              • Atomic Force Microscopy
              • Image analysis management and reporting
            • Further Information and Contact
          • Meat Technology
          • Cereal & Bakery
            • Product reformulation in gluten-free research
            • Healthy cereal-based snacks from by-products of th
            • Functional properties of beta glucans from barley
            • Wheat and dough rheological studies
            • Product reformulation and in vitro testing of low
          • Food Quality Measurement
            • Hyperspectral imaging system for the non-destructi
            • Statistical methods for analysing near-infrared sp
        • Food Industry Development
          • Food Gateways
            • Technologies for the Food Industry
          • Specialist Training
            • Food Industry Training
            • Managing Food safety through HACCP (QQI)
            • Certificate of Competence in Animal Welfare
            • Animal Welfare Officer Training
            • Laboratory Auditing (QQI)
            • Food Safety & Standards Auditing
            • Food Innovation/Product Development Workshop
            • National Hygiene Partnership
            • Internal Auditing for Competent Authorities
          • Consultancy
            • Consultancy in Food Safety and Quality Systems
            • Auditing on Food Safety and Quality Systems
            • Thermal Process Validation
            • Chemical Residue Testing
          • Moorepark Technology (MTL)
          • Foodworks
          • Information and Marketing Supports
            • Innovation Voucher Scheme
            • Consumer and Market Insights
      • Consortiums
        • UCC/Teagasc Strategic Alliance
      • Our People
    • Research Infrastructure
      • Research Centres
        • Ashtown Food Research
          • Facilities
            • Innovation Unit Equipment
          • Nutramara
        • Moorepark Food Research
      • Analytical facilities
      • Pilot plant facilities
    • Staff
    • Food Business Innovation Summit
  • News & Events
    • News
      • 2019
      • 2018
      • 2017
      • 2016
      • 2015
      • 2014
      • 2013
      • 2012
      • 2011
      • 2010
      • Preaseisiúintí
    • National Events
      • News & Events
    • Local Events
      • News & Events
  • Corporate Events
    • Corporate Events
  • Publications
    • Publications
    • Today’s Farm
    • TResearch
    • Teagasc Manuals
    • IJAFR Journal
    • T-Stór
  • Rural Economy
    • Rural Development
      • Options Programme
        • About
        • Programme Outline
        • FAQ
        • Household Budget Calculator
        • Options Workshops - 2018
      • Organics
      • Equine
        • Events
          • Equine Breeding Demonstration Event 2017
        • ISH Young Breeders Programme
          • Events
          • Training material
        • Publications
        • Training
        • Videos
        • National Equine Reports
        • Educational Tours
          • Educational Tour to Germany
        • Financial
        • Grants and Schemes
        • Legislation
        • Staff
        • Building Specifications & Planning
      • Rural Tourism
      • Artisan Food
        • What we do
        • Artisan food industry in Ireland
        • Food enterprise options
      • Goats
        • Goat Farming in Ireland
        • Market
        • Setting up a Goat Enterprise
        • Publications
        • Technical Notes
      • Diversification
      • Energy
        • Bioenergy Research
          • Liquid Biofuels
          • Energy Crops
          • Biomass Combustion
          • Anaerobic Digestion
        • Grants & Schemes
        • Policies
        • Technologies
          • Solar Thermal
          • Offshore Wind
          • Solar PV
          • Hydropower
          • Woodfuel and other Woody Biomass
          • Heat Pumps
        • News
        • Contacts
          • Government Contacts
          • Willow Commercial Contacts
          • Miscanthus Commercial Contacts
          • General Contacts
      • Innovation
        • Business Plan Templates
        • Twelve Steps to Success
      • Poultry
    • Farm Management
      • Financial Analysis
        • Monitor & Budget Cashflow
          • Video Tutorial
        • Farm Profit Analysis
          • The Teagasc eProfit Monitor (€PM)
          • eProfit Monitor Reports
          • eProfit Monitor Inputs
          • ePM Resources
        • Farm Business Planning
          • Thinking about where you are going
          • Where are you now?
          • What are the main issues you must focus on?
          • What do you have to do to get there?
          • When will you make these changes?
          • How will your plan affect your working day?
          • What are the extra costs?
          • What extra revenue will be generated?
          • Is it worthwhile?
          • What could go wrong?
          • Developing a financial plan
      • Get Farm Financially Fit
        • Managing Risk and Volatility
          • Monitoring Net Cash Flow
          • Monitoring Profitability
        • Planning for the Future and Making Investments
        • Increasing Farm Household Incomes
        • First Steps
        • Benefits
        • Checklist
        • Tools
        • Our Partners
        • Event slides
        • Articles
      • Cash Flow on Farms
      • Collaborative Farming
        • Registered Farm Partnerships
          • Registration Documents
          • Taxation
          • Press Articles & Conference Papers
          • FAQ
          • Publications
        • Succession Farm Partnerships
        • Share Farming
          • Share Farming: A Short Guide
          • Conference Proceedings
          • Share Farming Agreement
          • Articles
          • Crops Costs and Returns
        • Share Farming - Dairy
        • Contract Rearing of Heifers
          • Specimen Agreements
          • Contract Rearing Study
        • Producer Groups and Farmer Cooperatives
        • Cow Leasing
        • Contract Forage Cropping
        • New Entrant Network - Newbie
      • Farm Taxation
        • Summary notes on VAT
      • Farm Buildings
        • Animal Housing
          • Housing Design Information
          • Farm Buildings
          • Roofs
          • Avoid Irritating Problems in Farm Buildings
          • Estimating Farm Building Costs
        • Concrete
          • Concrete Repairs
          • Quality Concrete
        • Drawings & Costs
        • Facilities, Fittings & Services
          • Cattle Handling Facilities
          • Cattle Underpasses
          • Cubicles
          • Cold Weather Tips
          • Electricity on Farms, Stray Voltage, etc.
          • Energy Use On Farms
          • Farm Roadways
          • Lighting of Animal Housing
          • Mats
          • Water Supply
        • Milking Equipment
          • Milking Machines and Facilities
          • Milk Cooling
            • MDC Report
        • Planning Permission
        • Silage & Slurry
          • Slurry Structures, Agitation, etc.
          • Silage Pits
          • Wet silage - how to manage your pit
          • Teagasc National Machinery Event Booklet
      • Farm Machinery
        • Combines
        • Contracting
        • Electric Fences
        • Safety
          • Teagasc - Chainsaw Course Providers
        • Silage - Conventional and Baled
        • Slurry
      • Farm Health & Safety
        • Farm Safety Week
        • Legal Requirements
        • Child Safety
        • Child Safety videos
        • Farmer Health
        • Older farmers - videos
        • Machinery & ATV’s
        • Livestock
        • Farm Yard & Buildings
        • Video survivor stories
        • Personal Protective Equipment
        • Education and Training
        • Safe Drinking Water
        • Tragic Event Service
        • Useful Links
        • Be Winter-Ready
          • Coping after the snow
      • Management Tools
      • Succession & Inheritance
      • Loans & Investments
        • Using bank services for your benefit
        • Investing a financial windfall
        • Financing Farm Building Investment
        • Comparing loans to get the best deal
        • Tax issues when borrowing
        • Investment and Borrowing on Dairy farms
      • Farming in difficult weather conditions
        • Summer drought conditions
          • Dry Weather & Fertiliser Nitrogen
          • Fill the Fodder Gap for Winter 18/19
        • Storm Advice for Farmers
      • Fodder and Finance 2018/2019
        • Fodder and Finance Week 2018 - Events
    • Rural Economy
      • National Farm Survey
        • National Farm Survey Results
          • Multi Year
          • 2013
          • 2012
          • 2011
          • 2010
          • 2009
          • 2008
          • 2007
          • 2006
          • 2005
          • 2004
          • 2003
          • 2002
          • 2001
          • 2000
          • 1999
          • 1998
        • National Farm Survey Reports
      • Agricultural Economics
      • Spatial Analysis
        • GIS Monthly Maps
          • 2018 Archive
        • Fodder Crisis mapped from Space
      • Agri-Food Business
        • Agriculture in Ireland
      • About REDP
      • Publications
        • Publications and Reports
          • Paper in refereed journal
          • Refereed Research Reports
          • Scientific book (or chapter), monograph, etc
        • Situation and Outlook
        • PhD
    • RDP Research
      • Teagasc/SRUC Conference
      • WaterMARKE
      • AES Conference
      • LIAISON
    • Organics
      • Is Organics an option?
      • Steps to Organic conversion
        • Organic Certification Bodies
        • Organic Standards
        • Conversion Process
      • Schemes & Grant Aid
      • Training
      • Farm Walks
        • Kildinan Farm Walk Videos
      • Publications
      • Videos
      • Research
      • Frequently Asked Questions
      • Contacts and Links
      • Ask an Organics Question
    • Staff
      • Farm Management and Rural Development
      • Agricultural Economics and Farm Surveys
      • Agrifood Business and Spatial Analysis
    • CEDRA
      • REDZs
    • Teagasc Communications on Brexit
  • Secure
    • Clients
    • Students

sitemap.xml